According to a recent press release, researchers from the Department of Chemistry at Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) have invented the world’s first multidimensional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) system.
The new technology can provide information about drug resistant pathogens present in patients, enabling doctors to accurately determine the effectiveness and appropriate dosage of antibiotics needed for effective treatment.
The new fully-automated system is 10-20 times faster, more accurate and can also be run at a much lower cost than the current AST methods which are only available in professional medical laboratories.
It is expected that the invention will aid diagnosis by providing doctors with a precise prescription which will significantly reduce the chance of antibiotic abuse or misuse. The team is planning to commercialise the system so that more people can benefit from the development.
In order to accurately test and analyse antibiotic resistance, the team fabricated a hydrogel microfluidic chip which simulates the drug diffusion process and the killing of pathogenic bacteria inside the human body. The system is simple to operate and only requires a small amount of the patient’s body fluid, such as blood or saliva. Once unwanted substances have been removed, the sample fluid is placed on the chip, and is then treated with different antibiotics.
After about four hours, the system indicates the effectiveness of the antibiotic treatment and whether it is needed. Due to the chip’s multidimensional properties, multiple variables can be introduced simultaneously, such as different antibiotics, nutrients and immunologic substances. Automated microscopic observation of bacterial growth also enables users to determine the most appropriate type, or the best combination, of different types of antibiotics and the required dosage for treatment.
The Assistant Professor at HKBU’s Department of Chemistry noted that, currently, clinical doctors assess a patient’s suspected bacterial infections according to their experience. They then decide whether to prescribe antibiotics, tailoring the treatment and type of antibiotic to be applied accordingly.
If the patient does not recover having taken the medicine, the doctor will reassess or use another antibiotic. Currently there are ASTs available for doctors to assess the patients’ antimicrobial susceptibility but it takes a few days to obtain the results.
As a result, the current treatment process is not only time-consuming and inefficient, but can also stimulate antimicrobial resistance due to misuse or overuse of antibiotics. Moreover, doctors usually prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics to speed-up treatment times and target a wide-range of different bacteria. This broad-spectrum approach can also kill harmless bacteria, accelerating antibiotic resistance in pathogens and affecting the long-term health of patients.
It was noted that the new method can analyse bacterial morphology and quantity under the microscope. It takes only four hours to obtain accurate AST data, and with this new method the treatment process can be faster and more accurate.
Doctors will first evaluate the patient and then analyse a small amount of their body fluid using the new system. Based on the results, the antibiotic (or a combination thereof) with the lowest susceptibility, the best efficacy, and the most appropriate dosage will be selected for the patient.
Hence, better therapeutic performance can be achieved. Moreover, the rate of the development of antibiotic resistance can also be slowed down.
As the new system employs microfluidic technology, compared with the existing AST methods, its accuracy is not only higher, but it also requires much smaller samples and takes significantly less time to carry out tests.
In addition, the synergistic effects of multiple drugs and the dynamic changes of different substances in the human body can also be simulated. The ability to automate the test can reduce possible errors from human manipulation and observation too.
Quoting a World Health Organization (WHO) report, the Assistant Professor noted that if humans do not take timely countermeasures, antimicrobial resistance will gradually accelerate. The WHO estimates that around 300 million people will die due to drug-resistant microbes in 2050, leading to serious economic losses around the world.
The development of new antibiotics takes an average of 10 to 20 years, in addition to the large amount of money required. Existing antibiotics have also begun to weaken or even fail to kill some bacteria. This new method can slow down the process of antimicrobial resistance and help to prevent the formation of “superbugs”.
At the same time, Dr Ren expects that the new system could be used to collect information about antimicrobial resistance, which would facilitate big data analysis and support the development of new antibiotics.
